What Causes Acne and How to Treat It Effectively?

Name: Beauty Services
Brand: Metro Beauty Centers
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Learn why acne happens, the types of acne and causes, how to treat acne, and more with many solutions ranging from skincare to prevention tips.

“Acne” is a common and frustrating issue for many people. Beyond causing uneven skin, it can lead to long-term problems such as redness, dark spots, or acne scars. Gaining a clear understanding of what causes acne, how to treat acne, and its root triggers can help you manage it effectively while boosting your confidence in any situation. This guide provides tips for prevention and long-term care to keep your skin healthy and clear

What is acne, and what does it look like?

Acne is a skin condition caused by blockages in the pores and sebaceous glands, leading to infections or inflammation. These blockages result in raised bumps on the skin, often with whiteheads or pus inside. While acne on the face is most common, it can also appear on the chin, neck, chest, and back. Generally, there are two main types of acne: non-inflammatory acne (blackheads and whiteheads) and inflammatory acne (inflammatory acne and nodular or cystic acne).

Acne Characteristics

Blackheads

Blackheads are a type of non-inflammatory acne characterized by open, dark-colored heads. They occur when excess oil, hair, or dead skin cells clog the pores. When the clogged material reacts with oxygen and melanin (a natural skin pigment), it darkens, making the blackheads more visible.

Whiteheads

Whiteheads are another type of non-inflammatory acne. They appear as small, closed white bumps beneath the skin’s surface. Whiteheads are caused by factors such as dead skin buildup, excess oil production, hormonal fluctuations, genetics, diet, medication, or environmental conditions. If untreated, whiteheads can progress into inflammatory acne.

Inflammatory Acne

Inflammatory acne presents as red or purple pimples that feel tender or painful to the touch. It typically develops when bacteria infect blocked pores, triggering an immune response that causes significant inflammation.

Nodular or Cystic Acne

This is the most severe form of inflammatory acne, featuring large, painful, raised bumps filled with pus or blood. These nodules are often deep within the skin and may persist for a long time. Severe acne like this is caused by excessive oil production by the sebaceous glands, which clogs pores and leads to intense bacterial infections and inflammation.

How long does acne last? The duration of acne varies depending on its type and underlying causes. While mild acne may resolve within weeks, severe forms like nodular or cystic acne can last for months or even years without proper treatment.

What Are Types of Acne, and How Does Acne Form?

When addressing the question, “Why does acne happen?” or “How is acne caused?” There isn’t a single answer. Instead, acne stems from a combination of factors. Below are some key internal causes of acne and external triggers:

1. Hormonal Imbalances

Often referred to as “hormonal acne,” this type is caused by fluctuations in hormone levels, particularly during puberty, menstrual cycles, or other life stages. These hormonal shifts increase the production of testosterone or androgens, which stimulate sebaceous glands to produce excess oil (sebum). The excess sebum clogs pores, allowing bacteria to grow and triggering inflammation. This is a key reason why acne happens around the chin and jawline during hormonal changes.

2. Acne from Cosmetics (Acne Cosmetica)

This type of acne occurs due to irritation or allergic reactions to certain ingredients in cosmetics, skincare products, or sunscreens. Low-quality makeup, or failure to completely remove makeup, can leave residues that block pores. Acne cosmetica typically appears as small, closed comedones (clogged pores) under the skin. Externally, the skin may look dry or flaky, but you can feel bumps beneath the surface.

3. Dead Skin Cell Buildup

Our skin naturally sheds dead cells to make way for new ones. However, if the shedding process is disrupted, dead skin cells can accumulate and block pores. This becomes worse when combined with inadequate cleansing or other factors. The trapped cells can mix with bacteria, leading to inflammation and acne formation.

4. Excess Sebum Production

Excess oil (sebum) production, often influenced by genetics, is a primary reason for acne. When the sebaceous glands produce more oil than necessary, it mixes with dirt and dead skin cells, clogging pores. This not only triggers acne but can also cause enlarged pores, which may affect the skin’s smoothness and overall appearance. Severe acne is often associated with this excess oil production.

5. P. acnes Bacteria

P. acnes, a naturally occurring bacteria on the skin, usually doesn’t cause harm. However, when it multiplies excessively or penetrates deeper into the skin, it triggers an immune response. This immune reaction releases substances to combat the bacteria, resulting in inflamed, red, and painful acne.

6. External Factors

Several external factors can aggravate or trigger acne. Certain foods that cause acne, such as those high in sugar or processed oils, may contribute to inflammation. Environmental pollutants and dust can clog pores, leading to acne flare-ups. Additionally, hot and humid weather stimulates excess oil production, while dry conditions can disrupt the skin’s natural moisture balance, causing irritation and breakouts.

How To Get Rid Of Acne

Understanding your skin and the various causes of acne is important for learning how to treat acne. Follow these recommendations:

Basic Skincare Practices

Choose the right cleanser: Use a gentle, non-irritating facial cleanser that is free from harsh chemicals like parabens, alcohol, and artificial fragrances to avoid irritation.
Hydrate with quality moisturizers: Opt for dermatological brands like La Roche-Posay or Avène to keep your skin hydrated and strong. Proper hydration helps control excess oil (sebum) production, which is a common cause of acne.
Protect your skin with sunscreen: Use a non-comedogenic sunscreen with adequate SPF to shield your skin from harmful UV rays. Sunscreen prevents sun damage and reduces acne-triggering external factors. Choose formulations designed for the face to avoid clogged pores.
Address acne caused by cosmetics: If makeup or low-quality skincare products are causing clogged pores and small, dry acne bumps, azelaic acid (e.g., Skinoren cream) can help. This affordable and effective treatment reduces acne caused by cosmetics and is gentle on the skin.

Medications for Acne Treatment

Topical Treatments: Products like Benzoyl Peroxide effectively kill acne-causing bacteria, reduce inflammation, and control oil production. Retinoids, on the other hand, promote skin cell turnover, unclog pores, and address different types of acne, like inflammatory acne. These treatments also help fade acne scars over time. Apply them sparingly to affected areas 1–2 times daily, as directed.
Oral Medications: Doctors may prescribe antibiotics or isotretinoin for severe inflammatory acne, targeting internal causes of acne like hormonal imbalances and excessive oil production. However, the use of isotretinoin requires specific precautions:

- Blood tests to monitor liver function.
- Assurance that the patient is not pregnant or planning to conceive.
- Regular supervision by a dermatologist.

Treatments by Specialists

Laser Acne Treatments: Lasers and light therapy are highly effective methods for treating acne and achieving rapid results. A dermatologist can customize the treatment based on your skin’s needs to unclog pores, reduce oil production, and minimize inflammation. Laser treatments also help reduce acne scars, redness, and the risk of future breakouts. Common laser types include:

- LED and IPL: Kill acne-causing bacteria and reduce inflammation.
- Infrared Lasers: Diode and Erbium glass lasers effectively remove closed comedones, unclog pores, and promote skin renewal.
- AviClear Laser: targets sebaceous glands to reduce excess oil production.
- Photopneumatic Therapy: Combines energy with vacuum suction to clear clogged pores and eliminate acne-causing bacteria.
- V-Beam Laser (Pulsed Dye Laser): Reduces inflammation and post-acne redness.

Ayurvedic Herbal Remedies

Manjistha: This powerful detoxifying herb supplement helps cleanse the lymphatic system and flush out toxins, reducing acne triggers. We can also use Manjistha powder mixed with water or honey as a mask to balance and calm inflamed skin.
Neem: Known for its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, Neem helps control excess oil and prevent breakouts. It can be taken as a supplement but also used as neem oil, soap, or powder mixed with water or yogurt as a face mask. Drinking neem tea can also detoxify the body and help prevent acne from within.

Things to Avoid to Prevent Acne

While various acne treatments and products are available, prevention is the most effective way to tackle acne at its root. So how to prevent acne? By avoiding the following practices, you can protect your skin and minimize the risk of breakouts:

Harsh treatments

Procedures like microdermabrasion, which exfoliates the outer skin layer, can be effective for removing dead skin cells and reducing acne scars. However, these treatments do not address deeper acne issues and can compromise the skin’s protective barrier. This damage makes your skin more sensitive, prone to irritation, and vulnerable to new breakouts.

Over-exfoliating

Exfoliating helps improve skin texture by removing dead cells, but doing it too frequently or aggressively can weaken the skin’s barrier. This can lead to inflammation, irritation, and an increased likelihood of acne flare-ups.

Using products that damage the skin barrier

Chemicals like Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) and Sodium Laureth Sulfate (SLES), often found in cleansers and soaps, can strip the skin of its natural moisture. This weakens the skin’s protective barrier, leaving it dry, irritated, and more prone to acne.

Touching your face with unclean hands

Frequently touching your face without washing your hands transfers bacteria, dirt, and germs to your skin. This can clog pores, leading to inflammation and the development of acne.

How To Prevent Acne in the Long-Term

Beyond treating acne and avoiding harmful habits, adopting the right preventive strategies can help you maintain clear skin over the long term. Here are some expert-backed tips to keep acne at bay:

Manage stress and prioritize sufficient sleep

Stress is a major trigger for hormonal imbalances, which can lead to breakouts. Manage stress with relaxation techniques such as meditation, yoga, or pursuing enjoyable activities. Aim for 7–9 hours of quality sleep each night to support healthy blood circulation and lymphatic function, which can reduce the risk of red, inflamed acne on your skin.

Exercise regularly to balance hormones

Physical activity improves blood circulation and oxygen delivery to the skin. allowing your body to flush out toxins and clear clogged pores. Additionally, exercise helps regulate hormones, which is essential for minimizing the occurrence of acne.

Choose acne-friendly foods

Avoid high-fat foods that cause acne, such as fried snacks, sugary carbs like desserts, and dairy products like cheese and sugary yogurt, as they can exacerbate acne. Instead, focus on nutrient-rich foods like fresh fruits and vegetables, skin-nourishing vitamins (C and E), whole grains, and healthy fats from salmon, avocados, and nuts.

Use non-comedogenic skincare and cosmetics

Opt for products specifically labeled as non-comedogenic to avoid clogging your pores. Lightweight formulations, such as oil-free serums and toners, are ideal for preventing excess oil buildup on your face. Choose products with a smooth, non-greasy texture to maintain a fresh, healthy appearance without contributing to breakouts.

Acne can stem from a combination of internal and external factors. By adopting proper treatment approaches, avoiding harmful habits, and implementing these long-term preventive strategies, you can boost your confidence and enjoy smooth, radiant skin.

If you’re struggling with acne or other skin concerns, consider consulting Metro Beauty Centers, one of Bangkok’s premier beauty clinics. Our experienced team of professionals uses advanced, safe, and hygienic technology to provide effective treatments tailored to your needs. We also offer Potenza RF Microneedling, an innovative procedure combining microneedling with radiofrequency energy to rejuvenate skin, reduce acne scars, and improve overall texture.

Metro Beauty Clinic’s dedication to excellence has been recognized with prestigious awards, including Face Contouring Clinic of the Year (2024) in Thailand, WhatClinic Patient Service Award: WINNER 2023, and the GlobalHealth Aesthetics & Wellness Awards 2023. Contact us today to speak with our specialists and take the first step toward healthier, clearer skin!